Cesium中级教程3 - Camera - 相机(摄像机)

Cesium中文网:http://cesiumcn.org/ | 国内快速访问:http://cesium.coinidea.com/

Camera

CesiumJS中的Camera控制场景的视图。有很多方法可以操作Camera,如旋转(rotate)、缩放(zoom)、平移(pan)和飞到目的地(flyTo)。CesiumJS有鼠标和触摸事件用来处理与Camrea的交互,还有API来以编程方式操作摄像机。了解如何使用Camera API和自定义相机控制(Camera controls)。

默认Camera行为

打开Sandcastle中的Hello World样例用来体验默认的相机控制。默认操作方式如下: 鼠标操作 | 3D | 2D | Columbus视角 -|-|-|- Left click + drag | Rotate around the globe | Translate over the map | Translate over the map | Right click + drag | Zoom in and out | Zoom in and out | Zoom in and out | Middle wheel scrolling | Zoom in and out | Zoom in and out | Zoom in and out | Middle click + drag | Tilt the globe | No action | Tilt the map |

鼠标操作 3D 2D Columbus视角
左键 + 拖拽 旋转地球 在地图上移动 在地图上移动
右键 + 拖拽 缩放 缩放 缩放
中键滚轮 缩放 缩放 缩放
中键 + 拖拽 倾斜地球 无操作 倾斜地球

使用setView函数设置Camera的位置和方向。destination可以是Cartesian3Rectangleorientation可以是heading/pitch/rolldirection/up。航向角、俯仰角和横滚角以弧度定义。航向角是从正角度向东增加的局部北向旋转。俯仰角是指从局部的东北平面开始的旋转。正俯仰角在平面上方。负俯仰角在平面以下。很滚叫是围绕局部东轴应用的第一个旋转。

camera.setView({
    destination : new Cesium.Cartesian3(x, y, z),
    orientation: {
        heading : headingAngle,
        pitch : pitchAngle,
        roll : rollAngle
    }
});
viewer.camera.setView({
    destination : Cesium.Rectangle.fromDegrees(west, south, east, north),
    orientation: {
        heading : headingAngle,
        pitch : pitchAngle,
        roll : rollAngle
    }
});

上述的所有参数都是可选的。如果未指定,参数值将被设为默认值用户当前Camera的位置和方向。

自定义Camera鼠标或者键盘事件

创建我们自己的事件控制,根据鼠标的朝向用于控制Camera的朝向,键盘的按键控制Camera向前、向左、向右、向上,以及向下。首先从禁用默认事件操作开始。在(javascript var viewe=...)之后添加下列代码:

var scene = viewer.scene;
var canvas = viewer.canvas;
canvas.setAttribute('tabindex', '0'); // needed to put focus on the canvas
canvas.onclick = function() {
    canvas.focus();
};
var ellipsoid = viewer.scene.globe.ellipsoid;

// disable the default event handlers
scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableRotate = false;
scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableTranslate = false;
scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableZoom = false;
scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableTilt = false;
scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableLook = false;

创建变量记录当前鼠标位置,然后标记并跟随Camera移动轨迹:

var startMousePosition;
var mousePosition;
var flags = {
    looking : false,
    moveForward : false,
    moveBackward : false,
    moveUp : false,
    moveDown : false,
    moveLeft : false,
    moveRight : false
};

添加一个事件控制用户设置标记,当鼠标左键被点击的时候,用于记录当前鼠标的位置:

var handler = new Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventHandler(canvas);

handler.setInputAction(function(movement) {
    flags.looking = true;
    mousePosition = startMousePosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(movement.position);
}, Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOWN);

handler.setInputAction(function(movement) {
    mousePosition = movement.endPosition;
}, Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.MOUSE_MOVE);

handler.setInputAction(function(position) {
    flags.looking = false;
}, Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_UP);

创建键盘事件控制用户切换Camera移动标记。我们为下列按键和行为设置了标记:

  1. wCamera向前。
  2. sCamera向后。
  3. aCamera向左。
  4. dCamera向右。
  5. qCamera向上。
  6. eCamera向下。
function getFlagForKeyCode(keyCode) {
    switch (keyCode) {
    case 'W'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveForward';
    case 'S'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveBackward';
    case 'Q'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveUp';
    case 'E'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveDown';
    case 'D'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveRight';
    case 'A'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveLeft';
    default:
        return undefined;
    }
}

document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
    var flagName = getFlagForKeyCode(e.keyCode);
    if (typeof flagName !== 'undefined') {
        flags[flagName] = true;
    }
}, false);

document.addEventListener('keyup', function(e) {
    var flagName = getFlagForKeyCode(e.keyCode);
    if (typeof flagName !== 'undefined') {
        flags[flagName] = false;
    }
}, false);

现在当标记表明事件发生为true是,我们更新(update)camera。我们新增**onTick的监听事件在clock中:

viewer.clock.onTick.addEventListener(function(clock) {
    var camera = viewer.camera;
});

接下来,我们让Camera指向鼠标指向的方向。在变量声明之后添加下列代码到事件监听函数:

if (flags.looking) {
    var width = canvas.clientWidth;
    var height = canvas.clientHeight;

    // Coordinate (0.0, 0.0) will be where the mouse was clicked.
    var x = (mousePosition.x - startMousePosition.x) / width;
    var y = -(mousePosition.y - startMousePosition.y) / height;

    var lookFactor = 0.05;
    camera.lookRight(x * lookFactor);
    camera.lookUp(y * lookFactor);
}

lookRightlookUp只需要一个角度参数用于表示旋转的角度。我们将鼠标坐标转换为范围(-1.0,1.0),坐标(0.0,0.0)位于画布的中心。鼠标距中心的距离决定了旋转的速度。靠近中心的位置移动Camera的速度较慢,而远离中心的位置移动Camera的速度较快。

最后,添加代码用于移动Camera的位置。然后添加下列代码到事件响应函数:

// Change movement speed based on the distance of the camera to the surface of the ellipsoid.
var cameraHeight = ellipsoid.cartesianToCartographic(camera.position).height;
var moveRate = cameraHeight / 100.0;

if (flags.moveForward) {
    camera.moveForward(moveRate);
}
if (flags.moveBackward) {
    camera.moveBackward(moveRate);
}
if (flags.moveUp) {
    camera.moveUp(moveRate);
}
if (flags.moveDown) {
    camera.moveDown(moveRate);
}
if (flags.moveLeft) {
    camera.moveLeft(moveRate);
}
if (flags.moveRight) {
    camera.moveRight(moveRate);
}

moveForwardmoveBackwardmoveUpmoveDownmoveLeftmoveRight方法只需要一个距离参数(米)用于移动Camera的距离。当每一个按键被按下时,Camera就会在球体表面移动固定的距离。Camera离地面越近,移动的速度就越慢。

完整的代码如下:

var viewer = new Cesium.Viewer('cesiumContainer');

var scene = viewer.scene;
var canvas = viewer.canvas;
canvas.setAttribute('tabindex', '0'); // needed to put focus on the canvas
canvas.onclick = function() {
    canvas.focus();
};
var ellipsoid = viewer.scene.globe.ellipsoid;

// disable the default event handlers
scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableRotate = false;
scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableTranslate = false;
scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableZoom = false;
scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableTilt = false;
scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableLook = false;

var startMousePosition;
var mousePosition;
var flags = {
    looking : false,
    moveForward : false,
    moveBackward : false,
    moveUp : false,
    moveDown : false,
    moveLeft : false,
    moveRight : false
};

var handler = new Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventHandler(canvas);

handler.setInputAction(function(movement) {
    flags.looking = true;
    mousePosition = startMousePosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(movement.position);
}, Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOWN);

handler.setInputAction(function(movement) {
    mousePosition = movement.endPosition;
}, Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.MOUSE_MOVE);

handler.setInputAction(function(position) {
    flags.looking = false;
}, Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_UP);

function getFlagForKeyCode(keyCode) {
    switch (keyCode) {
    case 'W'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveForward';
    case 'S'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveBackward';
    case 'Q'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveUp';
    case 'E'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveDown';
    case 'D'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveRight';
    case 'A'.charCodeAt(0):
        return 'moveLeft';
    default:
        return undefined;
    }
}

document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
    var flagName = getFlagForKeyCode(e.keyCode);
    if (typeof flagName !== 'undefined') {
        flags[flagName] = true;
    }
}, false);

document.addEventListener('keyup', function(e) {
    var flagName = getFlagForKeyCode(e.keyCode);
    if (typeof flagName !== 'undefined') {
        flags[flagName] = false;
    }
}, false);

viewer.clock.onTick.addEventListener(function(clock) {
    var camera = viewer.camera;

    if (flags.looking) {
        var width = canvas.clientWidth;
        var height = canvas.clientHeight;

        // Coordinate (0.0, 0.0) will be where the mouse was clicked.
        var x = (mousePosition.x - startMousePosition.x) / width;
        var y = -(mousePosition.y - startMousePosition.y) / height;

        var lookFactor = 0.05;
        camera.lookRight(x * lookFactor);
        camera.lookUp(y * lookFactor);
    }

    // Change movement speed based on the distance of the camera to the surface of the ellipsoid.
    var cameraHeight = ellipsoid.cartesianToCartographic(camera.position).height;
    var moveRate = cameraHeight / 100.0;

    if (flags.moveForward) {
        camera.moveForward(moveRate);
    }
    if (flags.moveBackward) {
        camera.moveBackward(moveRate);
    }
    if (flags.moveUp) {
        camera.moveUp(moveRate);
    }
    if (flags.moveDown) {
        camera.moveDown(moveRate);
    }
    if (flags.moveLeft) {
        camera.moveLeft(moveRate);
    }
    if (flags.moveRight) {
        camera.moveRight(moveRate);
    }
});

完整代码请访问)

Camera

Camera表示Camera当前位置、方向、参考帧和视图截锥的状态。上面的Camera向量在每帧中都是正交的。 move**和zoom**函数平移Camera的位置按照它的方向或指定的方向矢量。方向保持固定不变。

look**和twist**函数旋转Camera的方向比如向上、或向右矢量。位置保持固定不变。

rotate*函数玄幻位置和方向基于给定矢量。

函数设置Camera给定范围或位置和目标的Camera位置和方向。例如:

var west = Cesium.Math.toRadians(-77.0);
var south = Cesium.Math.toRadians(38.0);
var east = Cesium.Math.toRadians(-72.0);
var north = Cesium.Math.toRadians(42.0);
var extent = new Cesium.Extent(west, south, east, north);
camera.viewExtent(extent, Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84);

创建变量ray,通过像素拾取Camera的位置。该方法可用于拾取,例如:

// find intersection of the pixel picked and an ellipsoid
var ray = camera.getPickRay(mousePosition);
var intersection = Cesium.IntersectionTests.rayEllipsoid(ray, Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84);

Screen space camera controller

ScreenSpaceCameraController将用户输入(如鼠标和触摸)从窗口坐标转换为Camera运动。它包含用于启用和禁用不同类型输入、修改惯性量以及最小和最大缩放距离的属性。

资源

可在Sandcastle中查看camera样例代码:

  1. Camera Tutorial
  2. Camera

API文档:

  1. Camera
  2. ScreenSpaceCameraController

Cesium中文网交流QQ群:807482793

Cesium中文网:http://cesiumcn.org/ | 国内快速访问:http://cesium.coinidea.com/

results matching ""

    No results matching ""